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Title: A batalha de Toro

Author: Antnio Francisco Barata

Release Date: April 29, 2008 [EBook #25238]

Language: Portuguese

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

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A BATALHA DE TORO




A BATALHA DE TORO

POR

_Antonio Francisco Barata_


BARCELLOS

Typographia da _Aurora do Cavado_

Editor--R. V.

1896




Tiragem apenas de 100 exemplares

20 em papel de linho,
80 em papel d'algodo.

N.____




Por muitas vezes hei escripto, e mais uma ainda aqui o fao, embora com
isso se possam morder uns tantos mal soffridos, a quem a cega Fortuna tem
dispensado innumeros favores mais devidos a seus inexplicaveis caprichos,
d'ella, do que ao merito proprio, d'elles, e invejosos, apesar dos
beneficios com que injustificadamente colmados, do valor real de outros a
quem a mesma Fortuna tem sido sempre adversa; mais uma vez sobre tantas
outras direi que  Antonio Francisco Barata, da Bibliotheca de Evora, um
dos mais talentosos, dos mais sabedores, dos mais conspicuos e benemerentes
homens de lettras do nosso paiz, e d'aquelles a quem devidos so mais
respeitos e consideraes; muito mais que tudo, e o muitissimo que  e
vale, bem documentado em todos os ramos, bem o posso dizer, da litteratura,
a si s e ao seu incansado e fadigoso labutar o deve, desajudado de todo o
auxilio e proteco; e muito mais que a seu luminoso espirito, vasta
erudio, e superior manusear da opulenta lingua patria, predicado hoje to
raro at entre os nossos escriptores de primeira plana, reune uma acendrada
probidade litteraria, um indiscutivel amor das cousas portuguezas, e de
suas glorias, um caracter levantado e austero, e uma hombridade respeitavel
e digna, no bandeados s conveniencias ordinarias da vida.

Irresistivelmente me acodem estas palavras aos bicos da penna, ao lanar,
em reduzida e modesta edio, ao nosso mundo litterario, o breve trabalho
por Antonio Francisco Barata escripto ao correr da penna e de momento, a
proposito do que nas _Reparaciones Historicas_ escreveu sobre a Batalha de
Toro, o sabio academico hespanhol o sr. Don A. Sanchez Moguel. Esta  que
 uma verdadeira reparao historica, muito para agradecer e louvar a
quem a traou.[A]

                                                           Rodrigo Velloso

    [A] Vo aqui estas palavras, irresistiveis como o digo, e tanto como a
    fora da verdade,  revellia do sr. Antonio Francisco Barata, e bem
    receio que ellas molestem sua conhecida modestia. Se assim fr,
    releve-m'as elle com sua usual benevolencia.




A BATALHA DE TORO

1. de Maro de 1476


Desde que, ha um anno, li o notavel livro do Academico Madrileno, o sr. A.
Sanches Moguel: _Reparaciones historicas_, impresso em Madrid em 1894, me
ficaram desejos de revistar os conhecimentos que eu tinha, havia muito,
acerca da _Batalha de Toro_, ou de _Zamora_, pois que o livro a isso me
convidava 'nesta affirmativa: "Toro es, en efecto, el desquite de
Aljubarrota", que se l a paginas 292.

Permeiando-se a meus desejos a feitura de um livro de historia patria:
_Monja de Cistr_, terminado e em via de publicidade, s agora vou mostrar
ao illustre amigo, sabio e cathedratico o resultado da revista e
confirmao do que eu tinha apprendido, em leituras antigas.

Primeiramente: para que Toro seja _desquite_ (desforra) de Aljubarrota,
importa estudar as circumstancias, os pormenores dos dois combates. Em
poucas palavras direi o que se colhe dos livros, tanto portuguezes como
castelhanos.

Ambas as batalhas se feriram em campina plana, ou levemente ondulada.

Combateram em Aljubarrota 30:000 castelhanos contra 10:000 portuguezes,
numeros redondos.

O rei de Portugal batalhou a p, como qualquer cavalleiro; os castelhanos
traziam cavallaria, que os portuguezes no tinham; traziam a rudimentar
artilheria, os _trons_; logo: tinham por si o numero, tres vezes maior,
artilheria e cavallaria.

Ninguem contesta a derrota total, formalissima dos castelhanos em menos de
meia hora!

Em Toro, ou Zamora, empenharam-se foras que no se estudaram ainda bem;
uns do maior numero aos castelhanos (o que  natural) outros lhe concedem
foras eguaes ou quasi eguaes.

O rei de Castella no combateu na batalha de Toro; collocou-se a uma legoa
de distancia (certamente lembrando Aljubarrota) e desatou a fugir mal viu
volver costas a seis alas do seu exercito, ante as foras esforadas do
filho de D. Affonso V; os portuguezes levavam artilheria; o combate
prolongou-se por tres horas, com muita valentia de parte a parte; Affonso V
no venceu; mas venceu o filho; logo:

A Batalha de Toro no foi a desforra da de Aljubarrota, porque para o ser,
foroso seria haver egualdade nos elementos constitutivos dos dois
exercitos. Para uma cousa ser antithese de outra preciso  que o seja em
todas as suas particularidades.

A Batalha de Toro foi ganha pelas foras de Castella contra as de Affonso
V, por uma dessas eventualidades da guerra, que nem seus cabos explicam,
muitas vezes, e a que as crenas religiosas chamam: a influencia do Deus
das victorias. No nego que o mesmo se possa dizer da de Aljubarrota;
possivel seria que S. Jorge vencesse 'nella a Sant'Iago.

Mas a batalha de Toro foi ganha pelas foras do Principe D. Joo de
Portugal e do Bispo d'Evora, D. Garcia de Menezes, contra as seis alas do
exercito de Castella, que fugiram acossadas e desfeitas.

Em Aljubarrota no ficra um castelhano no campo, que no fosse ou morto,
ou prisioneiro.

Em Zamora ficou senhor do campo em que se collocra depois da lucta com os
seus vencedores, o Principe de Portugal, D. Joo.

Ser, pois, isto um _desquite_ de Aljubarrota?

Entendo que no.

Se escreverem que o fra por ter posto fim  guerra desgraada do ambicioso
_Africano_, entendo que sim.

Mas, no basta esta synthese de leitura feita, que tem ares dogmaticos:
preciso  o mostrar como tanto portuguezes, como castelhanos, como
francezes, como allemes criticaram o combate de Toro. Comearei pelos de
casa, como  natural:

--"E porem o Pryncipe despois do desbarato que fez, ally onde acabou de
recolher sua jente, esteve no campo em hum corpo arrado sem nunca mover
atrs sua bandeira..."[1]

--"El Principe al tiempo del fracaso padecido de su Padre iva seguindo el
alcance de las seys alas ya rotas, pero quando entendi lo que pasava (a
derrota do pae) aun que non pudo revocar a todos de la corriente que
llevavam apiose con los que pudo y otros que de otra parte de su Padre
vencida se le acercaron, en una elevacion..."

--"Fu vencida esta parte; (a de Affonso) confesamoslo; sin que lo doremos.
Pero el huyr una del campo y quedar otra vitoriosa en el varrido de los
contrarios, digan los doctos en los estudios militares que nombre h de
tener, mientras yo que no los professo no s como le h de llamar, pues
hallo quien no quiere que le llamemos vitoria..."[2]

--"..a nosso Senhor aprouve que nos deixassem o campo, adonde com gloriosa
victoria permanecemos vencedores..."[3]

    --Porem depois, tocado de ambio
    E gloria de mandar, amara e bella,
    Vae commetter Fernando de Arago,
    Sobre o potente reino de Castella.
    Ajunta-se a inimiga multido
    Das soberbas e varias gentes della,
    Desde Cadix ao alto Pyrineo,
    Que tudo ao rei Fernando obedeceo.

    No quiz ficar nos reinos ocioso
    O mancebo Joanne; e logo ordena
    De ir ajudar ao pae ambicioso,
    Que ento lhe foi ajuda no pequena.
    Sahio-se emfim do trance perigoso
    Com fronte no turvada, mas serena,
    Desbaratado o pae sanguinolento;
    Mas ficou duvidoso o vencimento;

    Porque o filho sublime e soberano,
    Gentil, forte, animoso cavalleiro,
    Nos contrarios fazendo immenso damno
    Todo um dia ficou no campo inteiro.[4]

--"... em que cada um dos exercitos ficou meio vencedor, meio vencido..."

"O Principe D. Joo depois de seguir & de perseguir por largo espao aos
que vencera, & lhe fugio, voltando a soccorer seu pay, e achando-o
vencido, se manteve no campo, senhor d'elle, como vencedor..."[5]

Derrotado D. Affonso fugiu de noite para Castro Nuo. D. Fernando fugiu
tambem para Zamora. O Principe vencedor ficou no campo, onde esteve tres
dias.[6]

--"Le fils  Alphonse V, ayant culbut partout les ennemis, resta maitre du
champ de bataille et put se croire vainqueur".[7]

--"O Principe ficou no campo c sua victoria e no curou seguir o
alcance..."[8]

No cito mais portugueses, por inutil, para mostrar o que escreveram os
Castelhanos, que devem ser insuspeitos:

--"D. Enrique conde de Alla de Liste lleg em seguimento de los que huian
hasta la puente de Toro: a la vuelta fu preso por cierta banda de sol
enemigos que con Don Juan Principe de Portugal sin ser desbaratados se
estuvieron en un altozano en ordenanza hasta muy tarde."[9]

--"Il fut long et sanglant; et quoique les Castillans fussent les plus
forts, la victoire pencha plusieurs fois du ct des Portuguais..."[10]

--"Ferdinand dfit l'aile droite des ennemis, commande par Alphonse; mais
le Prince de Portugal eut la mme avantage sur le Castillan..."[11]

--"Pudiera esta victoria costar muy caro, si el Principe de Portugal, que
tuvo siempre su esquadron en ordenana, y estava muy cerca de las riberas
del rio, acometiera a los nuestros, que andavan van desordenados, y
esparzidos..."[12]

--"El Principe Don Juan se alberg con una parte del exercito baxo las
murallas de Toro..."[13]

--"Les succs de cette bataille fut assez douteux..."[14]

--"L'aile gauche de l'arme Portugaise s'etant branle en bel ordre,
l'aile droite des Castillans se mit en tat de la recevoir par le mme
mouvement; mais les arquebusades ayant jou avec beaucoup de furie, & le
choc tant violent de la part des Portugais, les Castillans plirent &
prirent la fuite..."[15]

--"E luego aquelles seis capitanes castellanos, que abemos dicho que iban 
la mano derecha de la batalla del Rey contra los quales vino  encontrar el
Principe de Portugal y el Obispo de Ebora, volvieron las espaldas,  se
pusieron en fuida..."[16]

--"El Principe de Portugal, visto que la gente del Rey su padre era vencida
 desbaratada, pensando reparar algunes de los que iban fuyendo, sobise
sobre un cabezo,  donde taendo las trompetas,  faciendo fuegos, 
recogiendo su gente, estuvo quedo con su batalla,  no consenti salir
della  ninguno..."[17]

--"El Principe eredero de Portugal conosciendo-se vencido el Rey su padre,
acogiose a un lugar alto com su esquadro donde recogio a los que
podia..."[18]

--"La batalla de Toro, aunque no tan funesta para los portuguezes como
habia sido la de Aljubarrota para los Castellanos..."[19]

--"Ferdinand dfit l'aile droite des ennemis commande par Alfonse, mais le
Prince de Portugal eut le mme avantage sur le Castillan..."[20]

--"A la fin, le prince resta seul sur le champ de bataille en vainqueur
aprs la dfaite du corps principal. Jusqu'au moment de cette dfaite, Joo
avait poursuivi les six divisions battues par lui..."[21]

Basta; mais citaes de boas auctoridades poderia lembrar, se me no
tornara fastidioso.

V-se de portuguezes, castelhanos, de francezes e de outros que a
affirmativa do sr. Moguel foi patriotica em demasia.

Bem disse Ferno Alvares do Oriente:

    "As cousas todas a apparencia tm
    Conforme os olhos so com que se vm".

O sr. Moguel viu a batalha de Toro com olhos de castelhano (no de
hespanhol, como a todos nos considera os habitantes da Peninsula) eeu
vejo-a com os de portuguez; porque fora  dizel-o, as duas naes existem
autonomas, apesar da naturesa ter formado para ambas dos Pyrineus ao
extremo occidente da Europa este trato de terra fertilimo da Peninsula, que
a politica e a historia retalharam, no direi para sempre; mas para
emquanto Portugal fr cubiado, e se poder equilibrar na balana dos
interesses europeus.

Para muito escrever  o assumpto, se aqui fra lugar para isso.

Em vista do que ahi fica escripto e transcripto, para mim, nascido em
Portugal, sem animadverso nenhuma, a _Batalha do Toro no foi a desforra
da de Aljubarrota_. No a tem mesmo na historia.

Foi um combate indeciso.


Rocio d'apar S. Braz d'Evora,

24 de Dezembro de 1895.


    [1] Ruy de Pina: _Chronica de D. Affonso V_ cap. 191.

    [2] Faria e Souza: Europa Port. 2. pag. 407.

    [3] Carta de D. Joo II fazendo merc a Loureno de Faria, seu alferes.
    Torre do Tombo, L. 2. da Extremadura, pag. 274.

    [4] Cames: _Lusiadas_ C. IV est. 77-78 e 79.

    [5] F. de S. Maria: _Anno Historico_ tom. I. pag.278.

    [6] Damio de Ges: Chron. do Principe D. Joo, cap. 78-79.

    [7] A. A. Teixeira de Vasconcelos: _Portugal et la maison de Bragance_,
    pag. 537.

    [8] Acenheiro, Ineditos da Hist. Port. T. 5. pag. 273.

    [9] Mariana: _Hist._ L. XXIV cap. X pag. 165.

    [10] Romay: "Histoire" etc. cap. XVII.

    [11] Dictionnaire des Batailles, Paris, 1771 t. 3.

    [12] urita: _Anales de Aragon_, t. 4. L. XIX Edi. de 1610.

    [13] D. A. S. _Compendio historico de los Reyes de el Aragon_, Madrid,
    1797, t. 2. pag 312.

    [14] _Abreg chronologique de l'histoire de Espagne et de Portugal._
    Paris, 1765, t. 1. pag. 694.

    [15] Colmenar: _Anales d'Espagne et de Portugal_, tom. 1. pag. 299.

    [16] Hernando de Pulgar: _Cron. de los reis catolicos._ Valencia, 1780,
    pag. 87.

    [17] O mesmo Pulgar, pag. 89.

    [18] Garibay: _Chron. d'Espana_, T. 2. L. VIII, pag. 1276 _in fine_.

    [19] C. Ximenez de Sandoval: _Batalla do Aljubarrota_, pag. X.

    [20] Desormeaux: _Abreg chronologique de l'histoire d'Espagne_, Paris.
    1758, t. 3., pag. 25.

    [21] Schaeffer: _Histoire de Portug._ pag. 555.





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