Dysprosium

2008/9 Schools Wikipedia Selection. Related subjects: Chemical elements

66 terbium ← dysprosium → holmium - ↑ Dy ↓ Cf Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	dysprosium, Dy, 66
Chemical series	lanthanides
Group, Period, Block	n/a, 6, f
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight	162.500 (1)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f10 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	8.540  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	8.37  g·cm−3
Melting point	1680  K (1407 ° C, 2565 ° F)
Boiling point	2840  K (2562 ° C, 4653 ° F)
Heat of fusion	11.06   kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	280   kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 27.7  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 1378 1523 (1704) (1954) (2304) (2831)
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	hexagonal
Oxidation states	3 (weakly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	1.22 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies ( more)	1st:  573.0   kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  1130  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  2200  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	175   pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	228  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic at r.t., ferromagnetic under liquid nitrogen
Electrical resistivity	( r.t.) (α, poly) 926 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 10.7  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	( r.t.) (α, poly) 9.9 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 2710 m/s
Young's modulus	(α form) 61.4  GPa
Shear modulus	(α form) 24.7  GPa
Bulk modulus	(α form) 40.5  GPa
Poisson ratio	(α form) 0.247
Vickers hardness	540  MPa
Brinell hardness	500  MPa
CAS registry number	7429-91-6
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of dysprosium iso NA half-life DM DE ( MeV) DP 154Dy syn 3.0×106y α 2.947 150Gd 156Dy 0.06% 156Dy is stable with 90 neutrons 158Dy 0.10% 158Dy is stable with 92 neutrons 160Dy 2.34% 160Dy is stable with 94 neutrons 161Dy 18.91% 161Dy is stable with 95 neutrons 162Dy 25.51% 162Dy is stable with 96 neutrons 163Dy 24.90% 163Dy is stable with 97 neutrons 164Dy 28.18% 164Dy is stable with 98 neutrons
References

Dysprosium (pronounced /dɪsˈproʊziəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66.

Notable characteristics

Dysprosium is a rare earth element that has a metallic, bright silver luster, relatively stable in air at room temperature, but dissolving readily in dilute or concentrated mineral acids with the emission of hydrogen. It is soft enough to be cut with bolt-cutters (but not with a knife), and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Dysprosium's characteristics can be greatly affected even by small amounts of impurities.

Applications

Dysprosium is used, in conjunction with vanadium and other elements, in making laser materials. Its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section and melting point also suggests that it is useful for nuclear control rods. Dysprosium oxide (also known as dysprosia), with nickel cement compounds, which absorb neutrons readily without swelling or contracting under prolonged neutron bombardment, is used for cooling rods in nuclear reactors. Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides are sources of infrared radiation for studying chemical reactions. Furthermore, dysprosium is used for manufacturing compact discs. Because it is highly paramagnetic, dysprosium has been used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging.

As a component of Terfenol-D (an alloy that expands or contracts to a high degree in the presence of a magnetic field), dysprosium is of use in actuators, sensors and other magenetomechanical devices.

Below 85K dysprosium is ferromagnetic, with a high susceptibility. It is often used for the fabrication of nanomagnets, particularly in research. Its usefulness, however, is limited by its high readiness to oxidise.

History

Dysprosium was first identified in Paris in 1886 by French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. However, the element itself was not isolated in relatively pure form until after the development of ion exchange and metallographic reduction techniques in the 1950s. The name dysprosium is derived from the Greek δυσπροσιτος [dysprositos] = "hard to obtain". Part of the difficulty lay in dysprosium being especially close in its behaviour to the far more abundant yttrium, during many of the separation technologies that were used in the 19th century. This overshadowed the fact that dysprosium was the most abundant of the heavy lanthanides.

Occurrence

Dysprosium is never encountered as a free element, but is found in many minerals, including xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase, blomstrandine, monazite and bastnasite; often with erbium and holmium or other rare earth elements. Currently, most dysprosium is being obtained from the ion-adsorption clay ores of southern China. In the high-yttrium version of these, dysprosium happens to be the most abundant of the heavy lanthanides, comprising up to 7-8% of the concentrate (as compared to about 65% for yttrium).

Compounds

Nearly all dysprosium compounds are in the +3 oxidation state, and are highly paramagnetic. Holmium(III) oxide (Ho₂O₃) and Dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy₂O₃) are the most powerfully paramagnetic substances known.

Dysprosium compounds include:

• Fluorides: DyF₃
• Chlorides: DyCl₂, DyCl₃
• Bromides: DyBr₂, DyBr₃
• Iodides: DyI₂, DyI₃
• Oxides: Dy₂O₃
• Sulfides: Dy₂S₃
• Nitrides: DyN

Isotopes

Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of 7 stable isotopes, ¹⁵⁶Dy, ¹⁵⁸Dy, ¹⁶⁰Dy, ¹⁶¹Dy, ¹⁶²Dy, ¹⁶³Dy and ¹⁶⁴Dy, with 164-Dy being the most abundant (28.18% natural abundance). 28 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁵⁴Dy with a half-life of 3.0x10⁶ years, ¹⁵⁹Dy with a half-life of 144.4 days, and ¹⁶⁶Dy with a half-life of 81.6 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 10 hours, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 5 meta states, with the most stable being ^165mDy (t_½ 1.257 minutes), ^147mDy (t_½ 55.7 seconds) and ^145mDy (t_½ 13.6 seconds).

The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁶⁴Dy, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. The primary decay products before ¹⁶⁴Dy are terbium isotopes, and the primary products after are holmium isotopes.

Precautions

As with the other lanthanides, dysprosium compounds are of low to moderate toxicity, although their toxicity has not been investigated in detail. Dysprosium does not have any known biological properties.